Consumption of illicitly distilled alcohol (moonshine).Walls of older homes (houses built before 1978 may still have lead-based paint).Lead-containing paint (common source of exposure in children) from:.Drinking wate r (contaminated by lead plumbing) or contaminated sources.Tableware containing lead (e.g., ceramic crockery).Battery manufacturing, metallurgy, corrosion inhibition.Catalyzes formation of reactive oxygen species → oxidative damage (via redox reactions).Gold nanoparticles form reactive oxygen species → oxidative damage.Cleaning contaminated skin with running water. Hexavalent chromium compounds → crossing into the cell membrane → reduction to trivalent chromium compounds → intracellular accumulation.Succimer ( dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA).Irreversibly inhibits selenoenzymes (restore antioxidant molecules) → ↑ oxidative damage.Severe poisoning leads to Minamata disease.Neuropsychiatric symptoms including anxiety, abnormal irritability, ataxia, and tremor.Purple-blue discoloration along the margins of the gums.Free radical formation and lipid peroxidation → disruption of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial function → cellular death.Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, respiratory depression.Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, shock symptoms.Inhibition of aminolevulinate dehydratase → disruption of heme synthesis.Basophilic stippling of erythrocytes (disorder of heme synthesis).Paralysis of the radial or peroneal nerve ( wrist/ foot drop ).Purple-blue line on the gums ( lead line or Burton line).Succimer ( dimercaptosuccinic acid): more commonly used in children.Induces oxidative stress on endothelial cells and disrupts ATP production.Severe intoxication may cause garlic‑like odor of the breath.Mees lines: white bands across the nails.
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